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July 29, 2004
Posted by Clay Shirky
I owe John Manoogian of FeedMeLinks an apology — an earlier reference to a walkthrough of FeedMeLinks suggested that some features were not yet implemented. I was wrong — I’ve been playing with it for a couple of days, and everything works.
Interestingly, of the 4 common organizing tools for social link managers (tag or category, most recent first, by user, popularity), FML seems to have the greatest emphasis on characterizing users, going so far as to provide user icons. Can the FML dating service be far behind?
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Posted by Ross Mayfield
Great article by Kara Swisher in the Wall Street Journal today on wikis in the workplace. Quotes Clay and yours truly:
…Indeed, the creation of communal fabric is one that a wiki revives, says Clay Shirky, an interactive telecommunications professor at New York University, who has written extensively about the beneficial uses of social software like wikis in the workplace. “It’s got to be a fluid, ongoing conversation to work,” he says, noting that too much emphasis on the Internet has been about attracting giant passive audiences to Web sites over which they have little control. “But suddenly, people are realizing that perhaps the most human value actually occurs in smaller groups.”
In other wiki news, in the shameless plugin department, at OSCON they are running SubEthaKwiki, a Kwiki plugin for SubEthaEdit and a Technorati plugin. Kwiki plugins work on both the open source Kwiki and commercial Socialtext.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
Two thoughtful pieces on failures to implement wikis in the field:
First, Connected, distributed work
80% of my time goes into coordination - communicating with people. The only tools that aid in communication are e-mail, instant messaging and phone. We made an effort to introduce all involved to the concept of Wiki and use it wherever possible to reduce the time and effort spent in writing/forwarding e-mails and communicating the same idea to a million people in a million ways (ok I’m exaggerating here). However all efforts went in vain…
Then Wikis in classrooms and Aiming for communal constructivism in a wiki environment
I guess I’m making a criticism of instructionist classroom methods where they stifle or limit student-to-student interaction. I do think that lectures have their place but for certain subject matter, a lecture would not be suitable. Each week, I prepared the material, each week I contrived some kind of in-class activity to let people ‘interact’. But as I mentioned before, I was merely creating fill-in-the-blanks exercises… I realize now, that to get to the level of which I was aiming, in terms of communal constructivism, you need to let the participants identify their own blanks
These posts interest me because they are rooted in practice, not theory, and address the sense of surprise and resistance users often feel when exposed to wikis.
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Posted by danah boyd
In an effort to further elucidate my thoughts on the comparison of bloggers and journalists at the DNC, i wrote an op-ed for Salon - The New Blogocracy. It’s a follow-up to my earlier blog entry called Demeaning Bloggers.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
Good slashdot interview with Jimmy Wales, founder of wikipedia., covering some of the challenges of running a large distributed social project.
And the beginning of this question…
What methods have you found that work best for getting people not only involved in contributing, but also keeping them contributing to the Wiki?
Jimmy Wales:
Love. It isn’t very popular in technical circles to say a lot of mushy stuff about love, but frankly it’s a very very important part of what holds our project together.
brought tears to my eyes. It’s great to see someone go into the belly of the ‘tech is all’ beast and tell the truth about emotional forces…
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July 28, 2004
Posted by Ross Mayfield
Part of the business of Social Media discussed at BlogOn was adoption patterns. Lycos’s Tripod and Angelfire blog hosting services shared the results of their survey of 2,000 users. They make the case that blog adoption is being driven by media sharing, abundant connectivity and advances in ease of use.
Whereas 14% of Internet users own digital cameras, 68% of their bloggers do:
When asked what kind of content their users create, the results mirror ownership of devices. How they share, however, is still dominated by email (72%), burning a CD (58%) and then posting to a site that offers storage (40%). Its implied that posting is on the rise.
Camera phones are the fastest-selling consumer electronic device ever. I’ll assert that photo blogging and moblogging are the fastest growing segments of our little space. Our Corante neighbor is calling this the year of the photoblog.
This directly related to why Blogger bought Picassa, the popularity of Fotologs (especially among Brazilians), embracement by incumbents, the popularity of album complements to blogs and the rise of Flickr. Analyst firm IDC predicts that by then end of 2004, the number of digital images that are captured and shared will reach 249M. This number is expected to grow to 626M images by 2007, a compound annual growth rate of 34%. As the scrapbook goes social, expect much of this sharing to be facilitated by these services.
Also worth noting that Lycos was sold for $95M today, used to be worth $12.5B.
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July 26, 2004
Posted by danah boyd
Blogging has terrified mainstream media for a while now. Journalists want to know if blogs are going to degrade their profession, open up new possibilities or otherwise challenge their authority. This also means that whenever the press writes about blogs, one must critically consider what biases are embedded in their reporting. This morning, the NYTimes took their bias to the headlines:
Web Diarists Are Now Official Members of Convention Press Corps
As i’ve written before, blogging is rhetorically situated between journalism and diarying. Most often, people label blogging as one or the other in order to degrade it. The NYTimes pulled this act today because they have a professional interest in portraying convention bloggers as “low-brow” and unworthy of reading, while the NYTimes will present the real “high-brow” convention story. By framing bloggers as diarists, the NYTimes is demanding that the reader see blogs as petty, childish and self-absorbed. They further perpetuate this view by pasting a picture of a youth on the front of the article to suggest that bloggers are all inexperienced and naive, further implying that their reports will not have the value of the more “adult” perspective of “real” journalists.
The entire spin of the article focuses on how bloggers are like children in a candy store - naive, inexperienced and overwhelmed by what is now available to them. The article focuses on the minutia of blogging, emphasizing that bloggers won’t really cover the real issues, but provide the “low-brow” gossip. (I somehow suspect that the NYTimes is far more likely to cover what various attendees are wearing than the bloggers.) The article does proceed to share its stance on bloggers through the voice of one subject: “I think that bloggers have put the issue of professionalism under attack.” (Not Jason Blair?)
I am horrified by this article. Not only does the NYTimes reveal their naiveté about blogging, but they use their lack of clarity to demean a practice that they perceive as threatening. No wonder their professionalism is under attack.
[Also posted at apophenia.]
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July 24, 2004
Posted by Ross Mayfield
At BlogOn, I met Kevin Wen, a social software proponent who runs a blog hosting service in China. As you know from following Xiao Qiang’s posts, its hard to fathom the challenges of running a business that encourages free expression under an oppressive regime.
When a user posts a to their blog, its scanned for keywords and automatically censored on a per-post level. The year 1989 and the place Tiananmen do not exist in the Chinese blogosphere. The keyword list was gained from another industry participant, a shared practice to avoid having the entire service being shut down by government censors. Without this commercial self-censorship, the service wouldn’t exist. As Clay said, Social software is political science in executable form. Different constitutions encode different bargains.
Presumably users route around this by modifying their own language an act of individual self-censorship. Optimizing for expression within boundaries. This is a common practice in totalitarian regimes. Before my former employer became the President of Estonia, he was an anthropologist, writer and filmmaker. When politics are oppressed, leaders lead through culture and signal in code.
The practice of self-censorship isn’t too distinguished from what many bloggers do every day. We optimize our language for attention and in some cases, profit. Whether it be picking clever titles for posts for search engine optimization, or more explicitly choosing language to drive Google AdSense revenue.
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July 23, 2004
Posted by Clay Shirky
The Change This Manifesto has been floating around for a few days:
In the Internet (and especially blogging), we see the glimpse of an alternative. Taken over time, many of the best blogs create a thoughtful, useful argument that actually teaches readers something.
Alas, blogging is falling into the same trap as many other forms of media. The short form that works so well online attracts more readers than the long form. Worse, most blogs stake out an emotional position and then preach to the converted, as opposed to challenging people to think in a new way.
So we’re launching ChangeThis. The bet?
We’re betting that a signicant portion of the population wants to hear thoughtful, rational, constructive arguments about important issues. […]
ChangeThis doesn’t publish e-books or manuscripts or manuals. Instead, we facilitate the spread of thoughtful arguments…arguments we call manifestos. A manifesto is a five-, ten- or twenty-page PDF file that makes a case. It outlines in careful, thoughtful language why you might want to think about an issue differently.
It’s obvious this will fail. Why it will fail, however, is instructive.
Change This is one of the last stands for an idea of the Old Left — media = force. This belief, present since Marx and Engels put state control of media on the Communist Manifesto’s To Do list, says that media is a strong locus of control over the individual. In this view, when you alter media, you alter the public’s worldview, as they are both pliable and mute.
This idea was attractive, because it took note of the supply-side control of media in the era when everything went mass. It was so attractive in fact, that even when the internet started to erode that supply-side control, most of the O.L. denied that this was happening, lumping social communication like mailing lists and weblogs together with traditional broadcast media, because to admit the alternate possibility — that people could now produce as well as consume, and this would not necessarily lead to a groundswell of support for the left — was too terrifying to contemplate.
(This is the source, incidentally, of much of the anguish by the O.L. over the war-bloggers. Populist expression is not supposed to be conservative.)
Look at the charge Change This lays at the feet of weblogging — people like to read short things they agree with more than long things they disagree with. True enough, of course, but Change This assumes that the audience a weblog has is somehow god-given, and that a weblogger’s choice of subject is de-coupled from their audience. This is the key assumption of ‘media = force’ — you can manipulate your audience as you like.
In fact, the opposite is the case — if the most popular weblogs are trafficking in cant, that’s because of the readers, not the writers, since it is the readers who decide which weblogs are popular.
And notice what they don’t mention? Comments and trackbacks. They regard a weblog as a publication, and a post as a stand-alone piece, rather than regarding interlinked weblogs as an ecosystem of argument. And why do they ignore the central fact of weblogging as argument? Because admitting that posts are not pieces and that readers are also writers would upset their view of the problem as “We publish, you distribute.”
Change This doesn’t like weblogs because they don’t want any backtalk; their main goal is to restore the orderly progression of outbound ideas from producer to consumer. Every aspect of their Manifesto, from the choice of the word manifesto on down, screams contempt for the reader, whose principle job is as a super-distribution network.
And then there’s the odd reference to producing PDFs. In the middle of announcing their plans to rescue intellectual discourse, they suddenly point to a specific document format; it’s like listing the brand of knife the chef uses on a menu. What do PDFs have to do with Change This’s larger goals?
And the answer, of course, is ‘Everything.’ PDF is the ultimate no-backtalk format. It is designed for the page, not the screen, can’t be annotated, has no provision for comments and nor can it host any trackbacks — in short, it is almost useless as a site for subsequent reference to the very conversations Change This says they want to stir up.
If their ideas were any good, they’d put them out where people can talk about them. To do so, though, would open up the criticism they say they encourage but actually fear. They want the old days back, where one could publish a magazine of serious discourse without having to deal with the possibility that the audience might have something serious to say in reply. Alas, those days are gone, and Change This’s attempt to re-create the muteness of anti-social media is little more than a nostalgia trip.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
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Posted by Clay Shirky
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July 22, 2004
Posted by Clay Shirky
Tom Coates has the first of what looks like a fantastic series of posts on the new musical functionality, an extended musing on the distribution of production, reproduction, and filtering of music, covering especially the newly social context.
Over the next few days I’m going to write about some of the core trends that I’m seeing in people’s use of digital music, attempting to extrapolate from some current behaviours that we’re all observing around us - concentrating on how people wish to interact and use their music. I’m not going to spend too much time on the way some people may wish to legislate against these desires or build around them - because I believe for the most part that any attempt to do so will inevitably fail. Competing models that more adequately fulfil those needs will rise to take over in their place. […]
I’ll be talking about four major areas that seem to me to be indicative of the unevenly-distributed musical functionality of the future - (1) portability and access, (2) navigation, (3) self-presentation and social uses of music and (4) data use and privacy.
Among the social apps that I think relate to his thesis but which he doesn’t (yet) mention are:
* songBuddy
* MusicPlasma
* MusicMobs
* Webjay
And, as an added flavor bonus, here’s a City of Sound post I’ve been meaning to blog on socialising listening habits, tied mostly to the features of audioscrobbler, which Coates also regards as essential.
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Posted by Ross Mayfield
This post is in lieu of Powerpoint to introduce the Defining Social Media panel at BlogOn tomorrow with Dan Gillmor, James Currier, Reid Hoffman, Michael Sikillian and Jim Spohrer.
How We Got Here
The Internet has always facilitated conversations and augmented relationships. When a critical mass of participation is gained, cooperation ensues and simple tools have complex results. The earliest innovators in this adoption lifecycle were geeks and hackers. Put enough of them together and you get a new mode of production to disrupt the software industry and enable a new phase of growth — open source.
What we are witnessing is segments of early providers and early adopters form previously unrepresented networks and apply participatory technologies to disrupt industries. Earlier adoption segments include software, media, advertising, entertainment, politics, dating, recruiting, consumer electronics, sales, management, the list goes on. All these segments are information intensive and rely on relationships. And as Doc says, its a revolution in demand-based supply:
Social media are another example of the demand side supplying itself. We’re seeing this with open source software, with new standards like RSS, and with the new media we call blogs. We’re even seeing it in movies such as Outfoxed, and with Internet radio (in spite of destructive fear-based regulation). None of these things came from the Big Boys. They came from you and me and the rest of us here.
Landscape
There is little point in defining Social Software, Media, Search, Computing or Networking, except that new language parallels innovation. Here’s my way of mapping the space, feel free to modify and make your own.
Social Software, a term coined by Clay Shirky, is the design of systems that supports groups with an underlying value proposition of building social capital…
...continue reading.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
Over at the Planetowrk Journal, Duncan Work has proposed a social networking bill of rights, elaborating on these 5 principles:
1. The right to know who is collecting what and for what purposes;
2. The right to not participate;
3. The right to clear and, in some cases, irrevocable privacy policies;
4. The right to control access to personal information and attention;
5. The right to participate in a global social networking system without restrictive barriers.
It’s wrapped up in something that’s a bit too much of an ad for LinkedIn for my taste, but it’s an interesting start. #3, especially, will be interesting to see in practice, since the courts have usually allowed a wide degree of freedom for companies to unilaterally change their bargain with users, especially for businesses in bankruptcy, which triggers freedom from all manner of contractual obligations. Would be fun to write the contract that is designed to survive that sort of change of control for the data.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
Ben Hyde is thinking about an anonymous reputation system, analogous to the proposed K5 user-sponsorship model, where users could get sponsored by groups, in a ‘letter of introduction’ kind of way, so as to be able to operate anonymously (though I think he means pseudonymously) but with some visible reputation:
Is it possible to have useful actor reputation systems without demanding that the actors give up their privacy? This is a key design problem.
It appears that the answer is yes. Consider as an example. Let’s say I have an excellent reputation in some community. I request that community write me a letter of introduction to the anonymous community. This letter says nothing more than the bearer of this letter is a good guy. I take the note to the anonymous community and they provide me with an reputation/identity that I can use to on anonymous actions [sic]. Recipients of those actions can then check that anonymous reputation. If I act badly in that persona then they place bad marks on the anonymous reputation; but it these do not go back to my original reputation - there is no back pointer. The only back pointer available is the link to the original community. I have damaged the reputation of my home community, and only that.
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July 21, 2004
Posted by Clay Shirky
About half of any group of people, when they see someone yawning, will begin yawning themselves. Now it turns out chimps, our closest primate relatives, do the same thing.
The really freaky thing is the other social characteristics that correlate with susceptibility to yawning:
In research on people, those subjects that perform contagious yawning also recognise images of their own faces and are better at inferring what other people are thinking from their faces. What is more, brain imaging studies have shown that people watching others yawning have more activity in parts of the brain associated with self-information processing.
“Our data suggest that contagious yawning is a by-product of the ability to conceive of yourself and to use your experience to make inferences about comparable experiences and mental states in others,”
An earlier study, from last year, also shows that monkeys can recognize unfairness:
Knowing when you have been ripped off is not solely a human skill, biologists have discovered. Monkeys can spot a raw deal when they see one, and if they are not treated fairly they throw a tantrum.
The finding confirms the idea that cooperative behaviour, which relies on the participants’ having a sense of fair play, appeared early in our evolutionary history.
This matters because when you are designing software to engage groups, you are triggering primal (which is to say emotional rather than intellectual) behaviors. An engaged group of users is unlikely, almost by definition, to behave rationally, because when we are in group settings, we are guided in part by the monkeymind.
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July 20, 2004
Posted by Clay Shirky
At lunch with a TV exec today, I think I finally came up with a way to explain the communication != content formulation to media people: Online communications aren’t user-generated content for the same reason that phone calls aren’t user-generated radio.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
Haughey has an odd graph of cumulative comments over time up on Metafilter, showing that after the first 100K comments, the come at almost exactly 100K additional comments every six months. Haughey notes the oddity:
During that time we had 9/11 happen, tons of new users, and then over a year and a half of no new users, yet the # of comments stays steady. […] That’s kind of freaky, maybe we’re hitting up against an information overload limit that no amount of new users or events can influence? Any ideas what could be holding us so steady over such changing times?
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July 19, 2004
Posted by Clay Shirky
Just had a student ask me a simple but flummoxing question: Is there a good book or essay on the ethics of collaboration? Particularly of collaborative groups with no formal leader?
There’s lots of prescriptive writing out there, and most of it is garbage of the “First, make everything explicit…” variety, and there’s plenty of work on describing individual problems — I already pointed her to Tyranny of Structurelessness and A Dozen Things I Think I Know About Working In Groups.
What she’s asking for though (and what I now want as well) is a good overview on all of the most common dilemmas of such groups — tension between individuals, obstinacy in consensus-driven work, slacking group members, etc. — from a descriptive rather than prescriptive point of view?
Does such a piece of writing exist?
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Posted by Clay Shirky
The much blogged choice by George Michael to shut down the message boards on his site.
As many of you will know, much of my reasoning for the future is to stay away from the negativity of the media. I think that it is bad for me and for music in general, so I find it really sad to see the forums so packed full of negative comment, and that so many genuinely positive fans find themselves defending me… constantly against attack. How pointless. […] Those of you that want to carry on the media’s work will have to do it somewhere else. […] Sorry guys, but that’s the way it goes… Peace and Love… or nothing at all.
Let us stipulate, as the lawyers say, that Michael is an idiot. Giving people tools for uncensored communications and then expecting them to engage in “Peace and Love… or nothing at all” puts him in Radio 4 territory. (I also love the implication that people posting negative posts are doing “the media’s work”.) But this is an old story — the real interest, I think, lies elsewhere.
The open question, I think, is this: when does a board turn nasty like this? Cory Doctorow made the observation that the comments at boingboing were extremely positive, even when critical, during the early days of the site, but later, as the site grew, they turned nasty and vitriolic. My hypothesis is that two effects are at work here:
1. The community/audience threshold is critical — when a site is large enough that it reaches an ‘audience’ (which is to say a group of users too large to be communal) it loses communal self-regulation and becomes an attractive nuisance for people who want to use comments as a collateral way of reaching the same audience.
2. Fame makes people angry. Fame is an imbalance of attention — more people want your time than you have time to give. In practice, this means that interactions with famous people almost always involve you getting dissed. Intellectually, you know this is situational and beyond remedy, but emotionally, it still feels bad. (The closest most people get to feeling famous is at their wedding reception. You gather a room full of people you could talk to for hours, then talk to most of them for just a few minutes each before running on to the next conversation.)
Here’s how I think those two forces interact: The satisfactions of addressing a community vs. addressing an audience are different. In a community, speech is often used to form, cement or re-affirm social bonds, whereas in addressing an audience, you work for maximum effect. When you get people angry, possibly sub-conciously angry, about fame, and they are given a forum on a famous person’s site, acting out is one sure way to maximize attention.
So if I’m right about the effects and their interaction, what I want to know is “Are there clear thresholds where these effects start to manifest themselves, or is it different in ever situation, other than order-of-magnitude calculations?”
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Posted by Clay Shirky
A good First Monday piece by Hassan Masum and Yi–Cheng Zhang called Manifesto for the Reputation Society , which avoids most of the “I know! Let’s call reputation a number, then work with the numbers!” problems common to such work.
eBay did us a huge disservice by making reputation look simple. eBay hosts millions of one-time, numerically expressible, single-variable transactions (“How much money for how many Beanie Babies?”), among distributed actors in non-iterated communication. This makes it a game theorists wet dream, but a bad proxy for reputation systems generally. Massum and Zhang recognize this, and examine many other reputation systems as well — Slashdot, Amazon, even Google’s PageRank algorithm — making this the best “Start reading here” paper for reputation I’ve found.
You may mentally assign a friend a bad reputation for being on time or returning borrowed items promptly, while still thinking them reliable for helping out in case of real need. No person can be reduced to a single measure of “quality.”
So people will have different reputations for different contexts. But even for the same context, people will often have different reputations as assessed by different judges. None of us is omniscient — we all bring our various weaknesses, tastes, bias, and lack of insight to bear when rating each other. And people and organizations often have hidden agendas, leading to consciously distorted opinions.
Reputations are rarely formed in isolation — we influence each others’ opinions. Studying the structure of social connectivity promises to reveal insights about how we interact, and thinking about simple quantities like the average number of sources consulted before an opinion is formed will help us to better filter these opinions.
Are reputations only for people? No, their scope is far wider:
- They can be for groups of people: companies, media sources, non–governmental organizations, fraternities, political movements.
- They are often used for inanimate objects: books, movies, music, academic papers, consumer products. Typically, whenever we talk about the “quality” of an object with some degree of subjectivity, we can also speak of its reputation, usually as assessed by multiple users — bestseller lists are a simple example.
- Finally, ideas can have reputations. Belief systems, theories, political ideas, and policy proposals are the bedrock of public discussion. The waxing and waning of idea–reputations directly affects their likelihood of implementation, and thus the environment that we all share.
It’s curious that they called it a manifesto, since its long on description and short on prescription, but it’s better for not being one.
They also point to Masum’s earlier First Monday piece on a distributed reputation layer called TOOL (which, unlike the Manifesto, suffers from some of the same problems as RELATIONSHIP markup, I think). They also point to the Reputations Research Network , and to last year’s MIT/NSF Symposium on Reputation Systems as places to find other work in the field.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
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July 18, 2004
Posted by Clay Shirky
What is it about Brazil that makes them such avid users of social software? A year ago we covered the Brazilian connection during the Fotolog controversy; now it’s Portuguese v. English on Orkut (with the English speakers, I might add, looking like jerks.)
Says Reuters:
Tammy Soldaat, a Canadian, got a sample of Brazilian wrath recently when she posted a message asking whether her community site on body piercing should be exclusive to people who speak English.
Brazilian Orkut users quickly labeled her a “nazi” and “xenophobe.”
“After that I understood why everyone is complaining about these people, why they’re being called the ‘plague of Orkut,”’ she said in a site called “Crazy Brazilian Invasion.” […]
“When the average Orkut user goes to look at community listings to see what’s out there, he’ll see a list populated with pretty much all Portuguese communities,” Gibbs said. “This is highly frustrating since Orkut is not a Brazilian service.”
“Orkut is not a Brazilian service.” It’s hard to know where to begin — the assumption that because English has been the historically dominant language it should be made the dominant language by fiat in the future is simply foul.
(And, on an interesting note about the panic of the majority, the assertion that Orkut is “pretty much all” Brazilian communities has a parallel in the study of sexism — men will report that any given room is half women when the actual proportion of women crosses one-third.)
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July 15, 2004
Posted by David Weinberger
After a meeting at Yahoo last week, I got to talking with one of the people in charge of search. He said casually that he thinks they’re seeing more complex searches without “stop” words, i.e., the ordinary words like “the” and “of” that search engines generally ignore. In other words, search engines are training us how to talk to them.
And aren’t IM and SMS text-messaging becoming free of stop words also? When we use them, we tend to abbreviate them: “r u there?”
SMS, IM or search engines are all beginning to speak the same language — one stripped to the minimum number of signifiers in order to communicate. And thus language heads into becoming a code, not a world.
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July 14, 2004
Posted by Clay Shirky
Peter Caputa also posts about Wallflowerz, a dating site that pays people to be active on the service.
The unique thing about the site is that it pays you for being active. And people pay to use it on a per use basis. Instead of a monthly fee to have messaging capability (eg match.com), you have to buy credits. But, when people message you or when you suggest matches to people, you receive credits that you can withdraw for cold hard cash.
I stand agape. Once you’ve set up a market where I pay you for contact, we are conceptually close to a pay-for-(tiny)sex scenario.
I think linking the intrinsic desire to use a dating site with the extrinsic goal of making money is so distorting that it will kill the business, but I hope it catches on in the short term, because the system-gaming that will go on during the death throes will be fascinating to watch.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
Peter Caputa, guest-blogging at socialsoftware.weblogsinc.com says “Blogging is the Ultimate Social Software.” So far so good, but he makes that statement based on this assertion — “I think it is safe to say that sharing information is at the center of social networking.”
This I disagree with. Peter is right about blogs as a social networking tool (Dina Mehta and Lilia Efimova make the same argument) but the thing that makes it work isn’t information sharing. The thing that is at the center of social networking is social networking.
This is related to yesterday’s theme of panic about Kuro5hin’s proposed sponsorship system — despite 30+ years of evidence that human contact online has irreducibly sophisticated features, there is persistent anxiety driving people to want to express contact in terms of some other, simpler and more tangible thing.
I think this is partly because we’ve all internalized Shannon, where all communication is to be expressed as information, and it’s partly because media is supposed to be explained as a conduit for content. (All together now, communication is not “content”.)
By way of example, here, in full, is utterlybemused2’s blog entry for 7 July:
whoaaa i just came back from swimming at rachels and my hands are bright red, and my finger tips hurt….
im also dead tired and my eyes hurt too
I probably don’t even have to mention that the site is Livejournal…
If you reduce this to “sharing information”, this blog entry makes almost no sense. Who cares that you just came back from swimming at Rachel’s! (Who’s Rachel anyway?) But of course, no one reading this is reading it to see if utterlybemused2 has any information to share, they’re reading it to tune in to ub2’s life — the post only makes sense in a social context, and the effect of reading it can’t be reduced to an analysis of its content.
Blogs are a fantastic social networking tool, and they are a fantastic publishing tool, but those are different and incommensurable patterns.
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July 13, 2004
Posted by Clay Shirky
I’m fascinated with the way that a bunch of old ideas floating around from the dot com era are back, and now succeeding. Many of these apps are explicitly social, and are benefitting from the larger user population and increased comfort — it took quite a while for Match.com to catch on, and sixdegrees had much of the Friendster model down by 1996 and flamed out anyway.
One really interesting category of these v 2.0 apps is shared bookmarking, a la the service Backflip from Back in the Day. So, with a minimum of editorializing, here is a list of places doing some form of shared link management, which are providing some of Tom Coates’ “user-friendly throw-aroundable clumps of groupness.”
del.icio.us (Subscribe to users or to user-created tags)
Bookmarkmanager - http://freshmeat.net/projects/bookmarkmanager/”>Bookmarkmanager (Host your own)
Dude, Check this out (BEST. URL. EVAR.)
Spurl (Sitewide hot list; saves page contents as well as links)
Feed Me Links! (Pretty UI, but several features broken)
Furl (del.icio.us knock-off; caches pages)
Gibeo (shared remote site annotation; more like 3rd Voice)
Linkfilter (Moderated)
Simpy (Find people like you through their links)
Stumble Upon (Cross-platform toolbar; explicit user rating [added 7/23])
Add more in the comments if you know of any, and I’ll amend the list here.
My personal recommendation is del.icio.us. If I had to sum up the Web’s effects on the world, I’d say “surprised by simplicity.” Unlike most other technologies, we’re witnessing a shift to simpler apps over time, as with the way million dollar CMS systems and collaboration via Lotus Notes shifts to weblogs and wikis. del.icio.us hits that same pattern — not a single wasted feature, it just works the way the Web does.
And my anti-recomendation is Amplify. Using it, I had a horrible flashback to the bad old days of Backflip, where the idea was the the user would store their links on Backflip, who would then make it almost impossible for the user to get at those links in aggregate, to store a copy locally, or to get to their links should Backflip be down.
Amplify is that same terrible idea — your links are stored as “Amps,” and everything you click is an uninformative Amp redirect, so even if you get to a page with a link on it, you can’t copy the URL without also visiting the link, and then, when you do visit an “Amp” (always mistrust people who try to re-brand key parts of the Web) it’s in a frame, so that you can’t easily share it without also sending the recipient through Amplify.
And, as the glistening maraschino cherry on the towering sundae of badness, the categories are pre-fab rather than user created, and there are even 14 of them, the Yahoo-official number of top level categories.
I suppose the flipside of the “everything old is new again” pattern is that the old bad ideas get a re-play as well as the old but good ones. I can’t imagine why anyone would hand their links over to Amplify — the info-to-eye-candy ratio on the pages is at PowerPoint levels, and the “we’ll capture the users eyeballs and hold them hostage” link model, already broken in the mid-90s, has now been superseded by things like del.icio.us and Bookmarkmanager. Grrrr.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
Yay Hooray is one of many community sites designed to give the community power to self moderate. After following the traditional slashdot progression of increasing individual power over moderation, they’ve now added ‘filter content by buddy list’ as a feature.
Started back in 2001, YH was built by the skinnyCorp team as an experiment in online community. Originally, YH was built to manage itself through a level system that allowed users to earn administration responsibilities. Then it evolved into a point system. With JBA [the new release], rather than administering the actual content of the website, the aim is to allow the filtering of content through an advanced buddy filtering system.
It’s all about the membranes.
Yay Hooray includes 4 layers of social filter — no filter (show all); FOAF (two degrees of separation); Posts by friends; Posts by me. Another sign that work on YASNSes are moving from standalone (Friendster, Orkut) to embedded (dodgeball, flikr.)
(Interesting to note that after the “Let’s give everyone their network to 5 or 6 degrees!” that services are largely settling on friend-of-a-friend as the default setting, and often the outer bound.)
On a related note, there is an illustrative post
on Kur5hin from some weeks ago, written by Ta bu shi da yu with the title Why sponsored users won’t work, about the proposed sponsorship model on Kuro5hin.
The piece is particularly noteworthy for its hysterical tone: Rusty has already told us that he “can’t stress enough the point that if someone you sponsor does something to get themselves kicked out, you get kicked out too”. Excuse me? In other words, you go to the effort of sponsoring someone, they act up and get kicked off and you get kicked out too? […]
Placing the responsiblity of policing someone else’s behaviour is not only stupid and foolhardy, on K5 it’s actually impossible. Unless you are an editor, you can’t delete an account, remove stories or comments, nullify user accounts or in fact do anything that effectively disciplines a sponsored user. If sponsored users can’t be disciplined, then existing users who dare to sponsor a newbie will run the risk of being kicked from K5 for something they didn’t do!
The disbelief, bordering on moral panic, is palpable. Rusty explained a simple policy — new users will have sponsors — and then Ta bu shi da yu repeats this policy, twice, as if its mere re-statement would make it seem unfeasible.
I love this post, because it articulates what I think of as the sub-rosa assumptions around earlier forms of community tools:
- Systems should only use technological, not social, tools
- A user is responsible only for his or her own behavior
- Any policy to be enforced must be expressible algorithmically — no judgment calls
- Users must have access to pseudonymous communications
The central thesis of the post — that sponsorship can’t work, for these reasons — is suspect at the very least, as sponsorship systems work well elsewhere. Furthermore, humans use both social influence and judgment calls to affect one another’s behavior, and have done for some time now. But what seems to exercise Ta bu shi da yu is the idea that Kuro5hin will make social infrastructure, and therefore introduce social mistakes, into the network.
(Interestingly, Kuro5hin is still in the “No new users” mode, so the test case for this version of sponsorship is still waiting to be effected, if Rusty decides to go for it.)
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July 12, 2004
Posted by Ross Mayfield
Internet advertising was subjected to broadcast media metrics from the beginning. CPM, or Cost Per Thousand Impressions, was borrowed from print and was accepted by traditional advertisers as a measure of reach and frequency. Back then, if a company had a site to point to it was largely brochureware, a corporate identity on the web. But when the bubble burst its effectiveness beyond branding was questioned. The industry shifted to Cost Per Click around the same time that most companies had transactions available on their sites. An ad was effective if it drove transactions (Cost Per Action is another metric, a step beyond a click as a lead to an action as a sale). Consumers became sensitized to how broadcasted ads were trying to influence them. Google stepped in with a market for advertising, based on CPC, that rewarded effective narrowcasting. Both ads and sites are optimizing their messages for what people are looking for to gain traffic and transactions.
This model works fine with companies as the only influencers and the only ones with sites. But it ignores the influence of social networks. And what happens when consumers become users with their own identity on the web? When conversations influence attention?
I’ve suggested its time to explore new ad metrics:
What’s different with new media is simply that it’s not the number of impressions you make, but who you impress. In other words, instead of subscription counts, its the number of subscribers my subscribers have, discounted by the probability of my memes getting through. Cost Per Influence.
Jeff Jarvis comments:
You’re right: We need to define new metrics. This medium isn’t about impressions; it’s about relationships; it’s about conversations; it’s about influence; it’s about authority. We are starting to measure how many conversations a blog starts (or at least takes part in) with Technorati. But it’s just a beginning.
...continue reading.
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July 11, 2004
Posted by Ross Mayfield
Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs who developed their decision markets and Fang Wu of Stanford, published a study on Social Structure and Opinion Formation. Bernardo noted in an email to Howard Rheingold that: “the notion of a tipping point in opinion formation does not seem very sound,” although the results do support the notion that highly-connected individuals can speed the spread of opinions through social networks.
…These opinions can be either the result of serious reflection or, as is often the case when information is hard to process or obtain, formed through interactions with others that hold views on given issues. This reliance on others to form opinions lies at the heart of advertising through social cues, efforts to make people aware of societal and health related issues, fads that sweep social groups and organizations, and attempts at capturing the votes and minds of people in election years…
In this paper we propose a theory of opinion formation that explicitly takes into account the structure of the social network in which individuals are embedded. The theory assumes asynchronous choices by individuals among two or three opinions and it predicts the time evolution of the set of opinions from any arbitrary initial condition. We show that under very general conditions a martingale property ensues, i.e. that the expected weighted fraction of the population that holds a given opinion is constant in time. By weighted fraction we mean the fraction of individuals holding a given opinion, averaged over their social connectivity. Most importantly, this weighted fraction of opinions is not either zero or one, but corresponds to a non-trivial distribution of opinions in the long time limit. This coexistence of opinions within a social network is in agreement with the often observed locality effect, in which an opinion or a fad is localized to given groups without infecting the whole society.
Our theory further predicts that a relatively small number of individuals with high social rank can have a larger effect on opinion formation than individuals with low rank. By high rank we mean people with a large number of social connections. This also explains the fragility phenomenon, whereby an opinion that seems to be held by a rather large group of people can become nearly extinct in a very short time, a mechanism that is at the heart of fads.
Opinions don’t just tip when they cross a threshold, they are influenced, connection by connection.
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July 9, 2004
Posted by David Weinberger
Waxy points out that someone is marketing the movie Anchorman via Friendster by creating “user profiles for each of the characters.”
I think I’m supposed to be outraged by this, but I’m not. There’s no intent to deceive: If you don’t know that Ron Burgundy is the name of Will Ferrell’s character in the movie, you probably won’t end up on Burgundy’s page. So, no harm done to the “integrity” of Friendster’s social network, where we’re all phonies anyway.
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July 7, 2004
Posted by Nancy White
“Where is my place in this network? What is my community within the network that allows me to hone and grow my practice of online group facilitation?”
These questions came up for me after seeing Joe Cotherel and Jenny Ambrozek’s initial data from their survey of key informants in the “online community” sector. Seeing the historical antecedents, the ever changing influences over the years, has caused me to think about where I sit in that network and how I contribute to the practice.
Joe and Jenny are working on their final report, which I hope to share here on Many2Many a bit later this month. If you want a sneak preview, you can see their slides from their presentation at the Infonortics VC Conference last month.
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Posted by David Weinberger
Do I have any friends?
No, I don’t mean this in some pathetic “Nobody loves me, I’m going to eat some worms” sort of way. I know that some people like me, that some people don’t, and that the overwhelming sentient biomass of the planet would rather pluck a penny from a turd than care.
But, if you were to ask me, “Do you have many friends?” I’d reply, “Nope. I don’t have any. Well, maybe one, but I only see him every five years.” Since I know there are people who will read this and think that I’m saying I don’t care about them, let me explain. It seems to me that a person with friends arranges to spend time with them. Maybe they go to the movies or have dinner together and then play Jenga. But I don’t do that, and nobody does it to me. Therefore, I have no friends.
And yet I know my saying “I have no friends” has to be false since I’m not the lonely, isolated human being that that implies. I actually am pretty social (in my own retarded way), do the manly bear hug thing with plenty of people, and get scarily happy when I run into people I know. My definition of friendship as a type of appointment-based relationship has to be wrong. So, how should I now broaden my definition?
...continue reading.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
Public Mind is trying to make a general-purpose site for creating critical mass, supporting a number of different patterns — product feedback (there’s a whole category on Skype), commercial petitions (“A better belt clip for my Ericsson T68-i cellular phone”), and novel product ideas (“A child’s cellular phone that just has two buttons, talk and hang-up”.)
When you see a proposal you support, you can click through to a page that tells you what’s going on (the “Skype for Mac” page has news of the recent beta tests), but most pages have some version of this message:
Currently, this special request group is not yet big enough to attract the attention of a company or organization. However, you can help your request group grow to speed up and improve your chances that someone will seize the opportunity and propose a solution through Public Mind.
To help this group reach critical mass (get big enough), you need to take action now. Email your friends, associates, and co-workers about Public Mind and your special request. The more people who join your group, the more likely you’ll get what you want.
Of course, they don’t tell you how big critical mass is for any given idea.
I go back and forth on these things — critical mass is obviously a useful thing in lots of situations, and on the plus side, they’re very up-front about no spam and opt-out, and the site is more organic than a purely “Sign our poll” thing.
However, this is so explicit about getting “critical mass” as a first-order goal that it makes me suspicious anyone in management will take it seriously. Part of the reason critical mass matters so much is that it’s hard to achieve, and therefore a good sign of real interest or concern. Lowering the barriers to people saying “Sure, I want my kid to have a phone like that”, even if they don’t really care and wouldn’t buy one if it was on offer denatures the thing that made the message important in the first place.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
Behold extisp.icio.us, a 2D display mapping of del.icio.us tags per user, with font size and position indicating relative importance (here is a display mapping of Seb’s tags.)
Though del.icio.us is social software, extisp.icio.us isn’t yet. #1 on my request list is to see concatenated users — http://kevan.org/extispicious.cgi?name=sebpaquet+cshirky. #2 is to see the inverse mapping — select a tag and see the users arranged in the same manner — http://kevan.org/extispicious.cgi?tag=socialsoftware. (And #3 is a RESTian interface: http://kevan.org/extispicious/name/sebpaquet)
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July 6, 2004
Posted by Clay Shirky
Ah, the monkey-mind, that primal and social part of our brains that evolved long before the human species emerged. Carl Zimmer has an interesting post, Machiavellian Monkeys, suggesting that neocortex size of primates increases with the propensity for social deception.
While deception isn’t just an opportunistic result of being in big groups, big groups may well be the ultimate source of deception (and by extension big brains). That’s the hypothesis of Robin Dunbar of Liverpool, as he detailed last fall in the Annual Review of Anthropology. Deception and other sorts of social intelligence can give a primate a reproductive edge in many different ways. It can trick its way to getting more food, for example; a female chimp can ward off an infanticidal male from her kids with the help of alliances. Certain factors make this social intelligence more demanding. If primates live under threat of a lot of predators, for example, they may get huddled up into big groups. Bigger groups mean more individuals to keep track of, which means more demands on the brain. Which, in turn, may lead to a bigger brain.
And, more rant than research, is David Wong’s the Law of Monkey, covering what he calls the Monkeysphehe, that small group of people we actually care about.
That’s the whole thing, right here. Life on Earth, in a nutshell. We are hard-wired to have a drastic double standard for the people inside and out of our Monkeysphere and those outside make up 99.999% of the world’s population.
Have you ever gotten pissed off in traffic? Like, really pissed off? I think we all have. We’ve thrown finger gestures and wedged our heads out of the window and screamed “LEARN TO FUCKING DRIVE, FUCKER!!” We’ve all pulled the gun out of the glove compartment and let a few fly at the offending car. Not firing at their head or anything. Just, you know, at their tires.
Now imagine yourself standing in an elevator with three other people, two friends and a coworker. A friend goes to hit a button and accidentally punches the wrong one. Would you lean over, your mouth two inches from her ear, and scream “LEARN TO OPERATE THE FUCKING ELEVATOR BUTTONS, SHITCAMEL!!”
They’d think you’d gone insane. We all go a little insane, though, when we get in a group larger than the Monkeysphere. You know the feeling, that invincibility of being an anonymous head in a crowd, screaming curses at a football player you’d never dare say to his face.
Like all rants, it both over- and mis-states the case in places (I’ve always disliked the rant as a form) but it’s interesting to see that ideas about social congress of just the sort Zimmer covers have permeated this ‘explains it all for you’ style of writing.
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Posted by Seb Paquet
The second edition of the European conference on weblogs is underway and, as you can imagine, it’s a total social software geekfest. This blog post by Oliver Wrede provides a good entry point. This is clearly not a group tied to one technology - there’s a cocktail of blogs, wiki, TopicExchange, IRC, and even the odd collaboratively annotated map of the host city (courtesy of Mikel Maron and Johannes Gruber).
Comparing what’s happening online now to what it was like just a year ago it seems that there’s been an evolution - not so much in terms of technological innovation but rather evidenced by the degree to which the tools have been culturally assimilated. People seem to be more fluent overall, and the general idea of collaborating with strangers in public doesn’t seem to generate as much awkwardness as it used to.
As Ton Zijlstra has just remarked to me on IRC, last year’s experiments become this year’s prerequisites. It’s fun when things happen quickly like this - though it should be kept in mind that we’re looking at a self-selected group of tech enthusiasts.
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July 1, 2004
Posted by Nancy White
danah posted below something that I want to pick up and run a bit farther with:
“This is precisely why it’s bloody hard to study/discuss these technologies without being a practitioner. Distance is valuable as a researcher, but it’s also limiting. You need to engage with the culture at a deep level in order to study it. Because digital technology cultures are so peculiar, you need to be involved at an intimate level. Being a lurker is just not the same. It is the practice of engaging with these technologies that makes you able to move beyond the metaphor.”
I have been harboring a bit of inner burn over the past few months as well. It stems from the ease of condemnation people seem to be able to conjure about things they have not experienced, or perhaps more importantly, not experienced in the same way as another. “If it didn’t work for me, it’s bad. I don’t care that it worked for you.”
I seethe when a “blogger” or a “wiki person” condemns as inferior a web-based discussion and call it a controlling environment. It may have been inferior to them, but for others it is a very freeing, useful and even preferred medium. I boil over when a web-based discussion person dismisses the possibility that bloggers experience “community.” Just because something gets a label slapped on it like “social software” or “old style” does not make it universally better or worse. There is far more subtlety in the context of each instance and deployment. There is the unseen ways in which users bend technology to meet their needs, irrespective of the intention of the designer. This is not taken into account.
There is insufficient experience and practice to slap labels around and make claims that completely ignore a key factor of online interaction technologies.
- They are designed for a group experience.
- They are almost always experienced by an individual in the isolation in interaction with their computer.
My experience is not your experience. Further more, it is hard to even describe OUR experience. We romanticize the concept of group interaction, but in truth, it is imperfect, online and offline. And online we don’t see the consequences as quickly nor are our communication antennae, trained for millennium to F2F communication, as attuned to online communication. I think we are getting better. I see changes. But I can’t see if you are smiling, frowning, curious or pissed off as you read this. And if I want to communicate and engage with you, that matters to me. (If I just want to spout and publish, well, you are out of luck!)
Circling back to danah’s observation about the need to be involved at an intimate level, I want to chime in with a big AMEN. Intimacy means being ready to let my perceptions aside for a moment and get a peek into yours. In means slowing down, experimenting, diving in, risking failure and god forbid, being wrong.
Or perhaps better, being both right and wrong which is how the world works. Context is everything and my right may be your wrong and visa versa. That’s life.
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Posted by Liz Lawley
The University of Minnesota has just released a collection of essays on blog research, entitled Into the Blogosphere: Rhetoric, Community, and Culture of Weblogs. It’s edited by Laura Gurak, Smiljana Antonijevic, Laurie Johnson, Clancy Ratliff, and Jessica Reyman. I haven’t had a chance yet to dive into the articles, but it looks like a great collection, with articles from some excellent scholars and bloggers.
The entire collection is online, so you can get some instant gratification in terms of reading, and they’ve enabled comments and trackbacks for the articles (which are also blog entries). Color me impressed!
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Posted by danah boyd
I’ve been trying to sit with some of my frustrations about sociable technologies lately. I’ve been trying to work through them in order to understand why Liz’s frustration with blogging research resonates and why i start twitching every time people put together panels that pit blogs against “big” journalism. I wanted to let go of my boiling anger over the fact that YASNS do not look like “real” social networks.
I realized that all of these concerns come from a common root. Sociable technologies are all built on metaphors. They are often an attempt to model a set of practices already known in everyday life. Yet, as models, the technologies are not the same as the metaphors on which they are based. The result is an entirely new form that encourages entirely new practices.
...continue reading.
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Posted by Liz Lawley
Elijah Wright of Indiana University contacted me earlier this week about my blog research post, and raised some interesting issues. I replied to him via email, but asked him to consider posting his comments on his blog, so that the conversation could include others.
Happily, he did exactly that. Our email conversation is now available verbatim on his blog. I would encourage those of you interested in research in this area to read the three messages in order: his first message to me, my response to him, and his follow-up.
In the interest of pulling the threads together, I’d encourage people to comment here rather than on the individual messages, since that will reduce fragmentation of the discussion. (One of the great weaknesses of blog-based conversations is the difficulty in tracking cross-blog conversations effectively…I know that’s something Lilia has written about).
Thanks, Elijah, for being willing to make this a public discussion.
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Posted by Clay Shirky
Times article on groups that offer to provide alibis for one another, using SMS to coordinate, and usually using the phone to create the alibi: There is nothing new about making excuses or telling fibs. But the lure of alibi networks, their members say, lies partly with the anonymity of the Internet, which lets people find collaborators who disappear as quickly as they appeared. Engaging a freelance deceiver is also less risky than dragging a friend into a ruse. Cellphone-based alibi clubs, which have sprung up in the United States, Europe and Asia, allow people to send out mass text messages to thousands of potential collaborators asking for help. When a willing helper responds, the sender and the helper devise a lie, and the helper then calls the victim with the excuse — not unlike having a friend forge a doctor’s note for a teacher in the pre-digital age.
As danah and David have both pointed out, we require a certain degree of flex in our social arrangements, and when technology gets too efficient at making sure we could have call |